Lecture 3 - Information Systems Strategy (Recent IT Trends)

Learning and Application of Theory:

MIT 90 Framework

Figure 1: MIT 90 Framework (Vanderzee, 2008)

MIT 90 Framework that originally found by Mortan (1991) which consist of Evolutionary and Revolutionary levels that reflects different stages of Information systems in an organization. Further this framework invoke by Venkatrama & Henderson (1993) as illustrated in Figure 1 that consist of five levels in business transformation. This basically means the more advanced systems placed in an organization incur lot of cost, by the time it benefits the organization in the other hand. Integration of new information systems need to be done in structured way due to lower level information systems contributes to the high level information systems to operate basically means organizations need to operate basic level systems functionalities before emerging to an advanced systems. Stage One and Two belongs to Evolutionary Level where the cost of business transformation and Benefits its generates considerably low compare to the stage Three, Four and Five in Revolutionary level. Lets analyze in depth of each transformation stage.

 

1st: Localized Exploitation/Island of Automation

As noted by Vanderzee (2008) Localized exploitation focus on to improve business functions efficiency and accuracy by minimizing the time and cost within each departments as (HR Department, Marketing Department, Finance Department and etc. where Information Systems functions operates isolate in separate domains. The drawbacks of having isolated systems can be define as lack of integration and data redundancy. These drawbacks made new phenomenal in peoples mind where it highlights the communication/integration of systems since just automating the current process from manual procedures wont benefit the company from its problems as expected.

2nd: Internal Integration

Vanderzee (2008) describes that Internal Integration interconnects all department activities to one single direction that map with organizational goals to achieve a particular task collaboratively by eliminating most of the redundant activates which results them more onetime operations or reduction of throughput time. As an example Transaction Processing System (TPS) along with a Database been used to increase interdependence between Sales and Marketing Departments to Production Department.        

3rd: Business Process Redesign (BPR)  

As per Vanderzee (2008) Business Process Redesign completely altering business processors in a way to compatible with IT infrastructures as a result of fundamental rethink of the most effective way to conduct business. These system processors are developed to unlock IT capabilities and aiming at a high level of alignment between organization, people and technology. This phase brings new concepts and major changes to the organization and re-engineering the entire business operations. As an example ERP system been use in this stage to inter connect internal and external management information across an entire organization as well as to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. 

4th: Business Network Redesign

As said by Vanderzee (2012) Business Network Redesign angle the redesign system phase to allow collaboration with other Business networks in the side of suppliers (Disintermediation) and customers and enable them to do business transactions smoothly without any interruption. Proper Information Technology platform requires to have less noise end to end wide range communication for parallel activities to handle by eliminating geographic and timebase boundaries. In this phase organization needed to handle risk of failures when adopting strategies and needed to place proper mechanisms to identify alternative paths to get the work done in most efficient way. As an example ERP II where it allows both employees and partners (such as suppliers and customers) in real time access to the systems over web base software or from a web browser.

Figure 2: Supply Chain Integration (Wikimedia, 2012) 

Li (2007) noted that supply chain partners can be categorized in to two groups as Vertical and Horizontal partners. As illustrated in Figure 2 In Vertical supply chain usually each member (companies) of the supply chain provides a different product or service from a united common owner through out the supply chain to satisfies a common need of an end consumer. Where as Horizontal supply chain means a company taken over by, or merged with, another firm which is in the same industry and in the same stage of production as the merged firm. This results due to ownership company strategy that seeks to sell a type of product or service in numerous markets in the intention to increase the share of the market. Beside the above two concepts as written by Jeyarathnam (2008) Vertical Integration may be either Backward or Forward integration. Backward integration done in order to have a stable supply of inputs and reduce ordering time of materials in the production process where as Forward integration done from the point of final product to until the product reach its end customers by intention to provide value addition to the customer through Time to Market concept.
             

5th: Business Scope Redefinition      

As pointed out by Vanderzee (2012) Business Scope Redefinition relates to the possibility of expanding or shifting the business mission and scope to an new phenomenal. In this stage company seeking for new opportunities in locally and globally to expand its businesses activities from local to regional and regional to national as well as from international to global. As an example Supply chain management (SCM) system been used to active management of supply chain activities such as synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally to maximize customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage over industrial rivals.  

Application:

As an example lets consider a scenario of an apparel garment factory. The garment wants to move from manual work management process to an automated system since they face lot of inefficiencies in the current process. MIT 90 framework gives an proper idea where the company currently states in the hierarchy of information systems. Today most of the middle scale companies owns some kind of information system like a Transaction Processing System (TPS) along with a database that resides in the evolutionary level in MIT 90 model to manage there day to day operations properly. If there aren't any information system been placed that means the company cannot exist until the next decade since they unable to achieve economies of scale in long run. In today's context many organizations moving from evolutionary level to revolutionary level since they need to manage the outer bound basically the interaction with their stakeholders and suppliers never like before to cater current market trends. Due to that fact the apparel garment factory may deploy MIS, DSS, ERP and SCM systems gradually to linkage the inner bound and outer bound of the organization operations in a well tuned manner in order add value to the product or service in each touch point. Ultimately the apparel garment factory able to achieve a strong economies of scale by well positioning them self in the market well head their competitor.         

Reality of the Lecture:

Today many companies shining out in their own industry than their competitors. If we consider the history of those companies they started small and developed rapidly in a short time period. Most of the previous industrial giants were failed to gain a competitive edge as they did before with the evaluation of information technology. The main reason for this was resistant to change from the current business processors since they thought it was the best way to get the things done. The companies who identified the importance of Information Technology transformed their business functions partially or fully to automated aspect. In evolutionary level the effect of SILO is high where the departments in the organization lack integration and proper communication due to isolated work procedures.

As a whole companies now moving from evolutionary to revolutionary level in the intention to unrevealed maximum market share that they can target to have a great economies of scale. The effect of SILO gradually eliminates in the revolution level due to the fact that common platforms been standardize across the departments and linking them with stakeholders and supplier systems in order to have well define collaborative commerce. In this stage companies need to consider cost and benefit variables since it align to business scope and strategies. Benefits always gain by taking a huge risk of failure and the benefit margin of information systems depends on cost of investment the company willing to pay.

Reference:

Morton, M. S. S. (1991). The Corporation of the 1990s: Information Technology and Organizational Transformation. [Online] USA: Oxford University Press. Available from: http://www.questia.com/read/96197370/information-technology-and-the-corporation-of-the .[Accessed: 7/11/2012]

Venkatraman, N. & Henderson, J. (2012). Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation via Information Technology. [Online] Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Available from: http://www.google.lk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CCsQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F49184%2Fstrategicalignme90hend.pdf&ei=P7qfUKDYEIy0rAfzroGoAQ&usg=AFQjCNFykOrVG5kN0md7oMx1P1zZVL_srQ&sig2=OynqDocyKjpS6uH3BDq6Dw&cad=rja .[Accessed: 7/11/2012]

Vanderzee, H. T. M. (2008). Trends Leading Towards Business Transformation. [Online]. December 2008. Available from: http://be.atos.net/NR/rdonlyres/DC39FE5E-2189-434D-B81D-DCDA435336CB/0/View_dec_2008.pdf .[Accessed: 7th November 2012]

Wikimedia (2012). Supply Chain Integration. [Online]. Available from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Integration_in_English.svg/500px-Integration_in_English.svg.png [Accessed: 7th November 2012]

Li, L. (2007). Supply Chain Management Concepts, Techniques and Practices: Enhancing Value through Collaboration. [Online] New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Co. Available from: http://books.google.lk/books?id=cZKOw0BPYvQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false .[Accessed: 7/11/2012]

Jeyarathnam, M. (2008). Strategic Management. [Online] Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House. Available from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/staffordshire/docDetail.action?docID=10415735&p00=Backward+integration .[Accessed: 7/11/2012]

Lecture 2 - Information Systems Strategy (Strategic Role of Information Systems)

Learning and Application of Theory:

Information Technology Vs Information Systems

In companion to Rainer & Cegielski (2012) Information Technology (IT) relates to any computer based tool that people use to work with information and to support the information and information processing needs of an organization where as an information system (IS) collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose. Simply the Information Technology (IT) is the core foundation of Information Systems (IS) and its bridge the gap between Hardware and Software. Without any Information Technology platform Information System doesn't exist. To gain return on investment (ROI) after implementing (IS) there should be a great compatibility between IS and IT.     

Before developing or implementing an Information system its better to identify companies background and their aims since every single component in information system need to align with company scope. Any business exist in order to make profit and those profits can made on various ways by proper planing after defining organizational strategic planning process as shown in Figure 1. 

Figure 1: Organizational Strategic Planning Process Hierarchy

To drive the business in right direction normal businesses come up with their own Vision and Mission statements where it further describes in objectives and goals to go head with established dream with their own stakeholders.

Figure 2: Microsoft's Vision and Mission Statement (Juiceboxdirect, 2011)

Vision Statement reflects the dream of the company and it shows where the company heading for in long run. In Microsoft's Vision statement they expected to have at least one Microsoft Software running on a personal computer in every home which some what not practical though but up to certain extend that could be achievable. From the Microsoft's Mission Statement clearly states that they wanted to help people and organizations to outcome their full potentiality by involving technology aspect which quite true because I write this blog using a Microsoft made operating platform.

Strategies that made need to tune up with companies Vision and Mission. The Strategies need to allocate with available resources and need to use it effectively and wisely in short term goals. Organizations should always focus on utilizing its resources and implementing strategies efficiently to achieve the goals. Achieving goals would mean that the company is on its way to reach its Vision and Mission statement ultimately where they end what they dreamt.

When a firm sustains profits that exceed the average for its industry, the firm is said to possess a competitive advantage over its rivals. The goal of much of business strategy is to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. The formation of strategies is to make profits in long run by achieving competitive advantage. As per Porter (1985) there are three types of Generic Competitive Strategies. They are,

Cost Leadership - Increasing profits by reducing costs along with charging lower price.

Differentiation - Offering products or services with new features, functionality and durability than industrial competitors. 

Focus - Identify niche market dynamic requirements and develop unique Cost Leadership (Cost Focus) and Differentiation (Differentiation Focus) products or services to customers.
     

The main purpose of Information System is to convert Data into Information and communicate to relevant parties and storing in a some kind of format for future use in order to make decisions as denoted in 5 C's method of Information Systems. As mentioned by Rainer & Cegielski (2012) to operates the 5 C method seamlessly it requires 6 main components of Information system as shown in Figure 3 which act as unique segment in each 5 C's.

Figure 3: 5 C's and 6 Components of an Information System 

Application:

Samsung Mobile Phones Vs Apple iPhone

Table 1: Top Five Worldwide Smartphone Vendors, Shipments, and Market Share, Q1 2012 Units in Millions (IDC, 2012) 

As reflected in Table 1 Samsung owns a 29.1% of market share along with 42.2 Million shipments in Quoter 1 of 2012 where as Apple owns only 24.2% of Market Share. The main reason for this Samsung's superintendent in the industry due to Lower Cost (Affordable Products), Product Differentiation (Many features Packed) and Many Different products for many Market Segments that satisfies unique needs and wants.

Reality of the Lecture:

For any information systems strategy to exist there should be great linkage between Information Technology and Information System. As a simple example to get the best outcome from a system there is a need of proper Hardware and Network Architecture to accumulate its functions. Organizational Strategic Planning Process can be interpret as just lines of statements, however it helps the organization to keep on tack in every single movement in organization activities that they perform to ensure the satisfaction of their stakeholders. The formation of Strategic Planning Process basically established to make profits by keeping the company in the edge of competitiveness. Sustainability of the organization solely dependent on how the company deliver its products or services to the customer at a lower cost, in different features and quick time to market. Information System 6 Components were there to provide necessities in each stage of the 5 C's of Information Systems to cater human needs by allowing them to take more accurate decisions based on the axiom of simpler information extensionality.  

Reference:

Rainer, R. K. & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to Information Systems: Enabling and Transforming Business. [Online] New York: John Wiley & Sons. Available from: http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9781118063347/chapter-1-introduction-to-information-systems/navpoint-19?query=%28%28Information+technology+%28IT%29+relates+to+any+computer-based+tool+that+people+use+to+work+with%29%29#X2ludGVybmFsX0ZsYXNoUmVhZGVyP3htbGlkPTk3ODExMTgwNjMzNDclMkZuYXZQb2ludC0xMw== . [Accessed: 1/11/2012]

Juiceboxdirect (2011). Microsoft's Vision and Mission Statement. [Online]. Available from: http://www.juiceboxdirect.com/uploads/2/9/3/4/2934884/6207366.png [Accessed: 1st November 2012]

Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. [Online] New York: The Free Press. Available from: http://books.google.lk/books?id=H9ReAijCK8cC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false . [Accessed: 1/11/2012]

Idc (2011). Top Five Worldwide Smartphone Vendors, Shipments, and Market Share. [Online]. Available from: http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23455612 [Accessed: 1st November 2012]

Lecture 1 - Introduction to the ISS Module

New beginning of a new module that focus on the Information Systems used in business environment that shapes up peoples life's in a way which enable them to do something even faster than a shooting star in night sky.

Learning and Application of Theory:

As depict by Rainer & Cegielski (2012) The main objective of Information system is to collect, process, stores, analyze and spread relevant information to stakeholders who are interested to achieve what they expected. Syed (2012) makes the point that fundamental process of Information systems occurs in 5 stages, that illustrated in Figure 1 which named as 5 C's of Information Systems.

Figure 1: 5 C's of Information Systems

Above mentioned 5 C's needs to operate continuously for an information system to exist. This continuation starts of with Capturing data and ends with Cradle or storing data for future use basically for decision making process. In each stage of 5 C method adapts unique tools and technologies to perform it functions as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Purpose and Technology in 5 C's

Those above are the 5 fundamental operation forces in an information systems and if any part missing in action from the whole unit wont address as an Information System.

Below Figure 2 shows the entire spectrum of  Information System process as indicated by Syed (2012).

Figure 2: Information System Process

As said by Tiwana (1999) Data is everywhere as in raw, facts and figures the common thing is that there is no any meaningfulness. Such meaning can be considered as information after converting them relevance to 3 Dimensions of Information as Time, Form and Content. In organizational context information been heavily used in day to day operations to take various decisions in all levels of organizational hierarchy.

Figure 3: Three Level Pyramid Model (Chris-kimble, 2012)

The Figure 3 illustrates different types of Information Systems that been used based on the type of decisions taken at different levels in the organization. Before developing an information system its essential to identify what the managers actual requirements as in What, When, How and How much. The main purpose of operation level is to Capture, Creating and Converting data by using Transaction processing systems which act as an aid for more structured problems in order to maximize the organizational overall efficiency. For Communicating and Storing purposes, Tactical level operational managers uses Management Information systems to generate information to improve organizational effectiveness of decision making for semi-structured problems. Since there is lack of information availability in the top of the hierarchy specially for Executive level managers they faces for summary of information that provided by below levels to make Strategic decisions for Unstructured problems. When moving up in the hierarchy the level of certainty become low due to the fact that less information that result in less knowledge. The Information System Strategy comes into action when deciding the type of information system that needed by the level of organization and its users to make the right decision in the right time and in right format.

After knowing right information that relevant to each decision level, Decision takers step into take decisions based on information in order to be knowledgeable in the area of context. After having a proper knowledge in the context it results experience (Wisdom) basically wide dimensions of data (fusion) that made up with mixed and merged different set of knowledge areas with to come with new concepts.

Application:

In apparel garment factory, most of the data were insert into the system by supervisors who closely deal with manufacturing department. The system then generates information by comparing many variables unique to the industry and output reports to middle mangers to take tactical decisions such as fasten/alter the production process and inform top managers to make strategic decisions basically to go head with available resources or by acquiring new resources to the company by giving the priority for the minimally impact to the business functions.  

Reality of the Lecture:

Information Systems is a subset of Information Technology that mostly used in business environment to benefits its stakeholders in most efficient ways. In the current context operating a business without any involvement of Information Systems makes the life hard and tend to make lot of loop holes and problem in decision making process. With the time most of the organizations will fade away from industry itself due to lack of adaptation in new industrial market trends and simply need to go ahead with the current technology available to make the business processors more efficient and effective as the end users expected.

5 C's of Information Systems act as a building blocks of all the operations happen inside an information system since it defines and categories whole fundamental process which results data to be repent in Time, Form and Content. Those information been used in all levels of Organizational hierarchy to over come issues that they face by making decisions to pioneer in the area of context to become experts. 

Implementing and Maintaining an information system involves huge on time capital or money due to that organizations need to identify the system scope in a way that does not affect to the other organizational activities. Information systems only helps people to gather required information up to certain accurate level the reaction to the situation solely dependent on peoples reply. Reliable Information System means the combination of Peoples Reactions and Technology Response.

References:

Rainer, R. K. & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to Information Systems: Enabling and Transforming Business. [Online] New York: John Wiley & Sons. Available from: http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9781118063347/chapter-1-introduction-to-information-systems/navpoint-15?query=%28%28what+is+INFORMATION+SYSTEMS%29%29#X2ludGVybmFsX0ZsYXNoUmVhZGVyP3htbGlkPTk3ODExMTgwNjMzNDclMkZuYXZQb2ludC0xNQ== . [Accessed: 31/10/2012]

Syed, R. (2012). 5 C's of Information Systems, [Lecture] Introduction to the ISS. Information Systems Strategy Module. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Sri Lanka, School of Computing, L5 CR1, 31st October.
 

Tiwana, A. (1999). The Knowledge Management Toolkit. [Online] New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Available from: http://proquestcombo.safaribooksonline.com/0130128538/ch10lev1sec3?query=%28%28what+is+Management+information+system%29%29&reader=html&imagepage=#snippet . [Accessed: 31/10/2012]

Chris-kimble (2012). Three Level Pyramid Model. [Online]. Available from: http://www.chris-kimble.com/Courses/World_Med_MBA/Three-Level-Pyramid-model.png [Accessed: 31st October 2012]